2 research outputs found

    Representation av kvinnor och mĂ€n – Hur prioriterar riksdagsledamöter frĂ„gor i den finska riksdagen? : En kvantitativ studie av motionerna i riksdagen 2007

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    Pro gradu uppsatsen diskuterar betydelsen av representation för grupper i samhĂ€llet genom att diskutera kvinnors representation. Kvinnor Ă€r en grupp i samhĂ€llet som lĂ€nge varit underrepresenterad, men som under de senaste 100 Ă„ren fĂ„tt en betydligt bĂ€ttre position i den offentliga beslutfattningen. För att ge bakgrund till frĂ„gestĂ€llningen beskrivs kvinnors deltagande i den finska riksdagen. Begreppen deskriptiv, substantiell och symbolisk representation diskuteras. Undersökningar av kvinnors representation bĂ„de deskriptivt och substantiellt pĂ„ parlamentsnivĂ„ presenteras. ForskningsfrĂ„gan i uppsatsen bestĂ„r av fyra frĂ„gestĂ€llningar om hur motioner görs i riksdagen och hur kön kan identifieras i motionerna. FrĂ„gestĂ€llningarna bygger pĂ„ den teoretiska diskussionen och meningen med frĂ„gestĂ€llningar Ă€r att styra analysen av motionerna. I teoriavsnittet behandlas kvinnors representation och den vetenskapliga diskussionen om sambandet mellan substantiell och deskriptiv representation. Diskussionen utgĂ„r frĂ„n Hanna Pitkins olika kategorier av representation. I den teoretiska diskussionen behandlas Ă€ven begreppen den kritiska massan, nĂ€rvarons politik och kritiska aktörer. I stycket diskuteras Ă€ven vilka frĂ„gestĂ€llningar, som Ă€r relevanta att undersöka nĂ€r man diskuterar kvinnors representation i samhĂ€llet. NĂ€r representationen av kvinnor diskuteras Ă€r det viktigt att minnas att kvinnor inte utgör en homogen grupp och att Ă€ven mĂ€n kan representera kvinnor innehĂ„llsmĂ€ssigt. Efter den teoretiska diskussionen presenteras metoden för undersökningen. Som metod anvĂ€nds kvantitativa statistiska metoder för att kunna undersöka ett större material, som kan ge en bĂ€ttre helhetsbild av hur kvinnor representeras i motionerna. Materialet för undersökningen Ă€r motioner som Ă€r gjorda i den finska riksdagen 2007. Resultaten i undersökningen visar att motionerna anvĂ€nds av bĂ„de opposition och regering och att det finns en möjlighet för samarbete över partigrĂ€nser. Andra faktorer, som pĂ„verkade hur aktivt man gjorde motioner var bland annat riksdagsledamöternas Ă„lder och den valregion ledamöterna var frĂ„n. NĂ€r man sĂ„g speciellt pĂ„ motionĂ€rernas kön framkom det skillnader i kvinnors och mĂ€ns motionsbeteende. Överlag gör mĂ€n mera motioner Ă€n kvinnor i den finska riksdagen. Kvinnor har Ă€n idag en större tendens att göra motioner om socialpolitik och speciellt familje- och barnpolitik Ă€n vad mĂ€n har. MĂ€nnen igen vĂ€ljer att göra motioner, som traditionellt har setts som starkt manliga, sĂ„ som trafik och allmĂ€nna utrymmen. Resultaten visade ocksĂ„ att kvinnors intressen inte Ă€r vanligt som motivering för motioner. Man fann ocksĂ„ att riksdagsledamöters koppling till kvinnoorganisationer hade en betydelse nĂ€r det gĂ€llde sannolikheten att göra motioner som motiverades med kvinnors intressen i samhĂ€llet. Uppsatsen diskuterar orsaker till resultaten och ser att det finns orsaker att fortsĂ€tta diskutera sambandet mellan deskriptiv och substantiell representation

    Developing a core outcome set for future infertility research : An international consensus development study

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    STUDY QUESTION: Can a core outcome set to standardize outcome selection, collection and reporting across future infertility research be developed? SUMMARY ANSWER: A minimum data set, known as a core outcome set, has been developed for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and systematic reviews evaluating potential treatments for infertility. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: Complex issues, including a failure to consider the perspectives of people with fertility problems when selecting outcomes, variations in outcome definitions and the selective reporting of outcomes on the basis of statistical analysis, make the results of infertility research difficult to interpret. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: A three-round Delphi survey (372 participants from 41 countries) and consensus development workshop (30 participants from 27 countries). PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: Healthcare professionals, researchers and people with fertility problems were brought together in an open and transparent process using formal consensus science methods. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: The core outcome set consists of: viable intrauterine pregnancy confirmed by ultrasound (accounting for singleton, twin and higher multiple pregnancy); pregnancy loss (accounting for ectopic pregnancy, miscarriage, stillbirth and termination of pregnancy); live birth; gestational age at delivery; birthweight; neonatal mortality; and major congenital anomaly. Time to pregnancy leading to live birth should be reported when applicable. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: We used consensus development methods which have inherent limitations, including the representativeness of the participant sample, Delphi survey attrition and an arbitrary consensus threshold. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: Embedding the core outcome set within RCTs and systematic reviews should ensure the comprehensive selection, collection and reporting of core outcomes. Research funding bodies, the Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials (SPIRIT) statement, and over 80 specialty journals, including the Cochrane Gynaecology and Fertility Group, Fertility and Sterility and Human Reproduction, have committed to implementing this core outcome set. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S): This research was funded by the Catalyst Fund, Royal Society of New Zealand, Auckland Medical Research Fund and Maurice and Phyllis Paykel Trust. The funder had no role in the design and conduct of the study, the collection, management, analysis or interpretation of data, or manuscript preparation. B.W.J.M. is supported by a National Health and Medical Research Council Practitioner Fellowship (GNT1082548). S.B. was supported by University of Auckland Foundation Seelye Travelling Fellowship. S.B. reports being the Editor-in-Chief of Human Reproduction Open and an editor of the Cochrane Gynaecology and Fertility group. J.L.H.E. reports being the Editor Emeritus of Human Reproduction. J.M.L.K. reports research sponsorship from Ferring and Theramex. R.S.L. reports consultancy fees from Abbvie, Bayer, Ferring, Fractyl, Insud Pharma and Kindex and research sponsorship from Guerbet and Hass Avocado Board. B.W.J.M. reports consultancy fees from Guerbet, iGenomix, Merck, Merck KGaA and ObsEva. C.N. reports being the Co Editor-in-Chief of Fertility and Sterility and Section Editor of the Journal of Urology, research sponsorship from Ferring, and retains a financial interest in NexHand. A.S. reports consultancy fees from Guerbet. E.H.Y.N. reports research sponsorship from Merck. N.L.V. reports consultancy and conference fees from Ferring, Merck and Merck Sharp and Dohme. The remaining authors declare no competing interests in relation to the work presented. All authors have completed the disclosure form
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